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Pow! Thump! Thwack! Onomatopoeias attempt to write sound effects on page so we can hear them through our eyes. They include calls of animals, sounds of nature, sounds of people, and other sounds (Alilyeh & Zeinolabedin, 2014). TheBatman TV series from the 1960s played around with visual sound effects during fight scenes. This allowed the series feel like a moving comic book.
Nội dung chính
- The Three Families
- The Call of the Wild
- Thud, Smack, Crack
- Sights and Feelings Have Sound?
- The Structure of Onomatopoeia
Manga has its own set of sound effects. As a manga reader, you may notice how publishers translate few of these sound effects. One reason: it would require someone to edit the artwork. This costs money. A second reason: Japanese has sound effects English doesnt have. The Japanese language has around 1,200 onomatopoeia classified into three families (Kadooka, 2009; Inose, n.d.). English sports about a third of this number. Many sound effects remain untranslatable.
Combining Japanese onomatopoeia with English words gives manga readers an advantage over prose readers. Scholars call manga a multimodal text. This means manga requires readers to use a broad set of skills. Manga readers have to know how to read text combined with images. They have to know Japanese sound effect words and English transliterations like maiko and shonen. Of course, good manga reads right to left, which requires the brain to work differently. This means manga readers develop stronger multidimensional thinking abilities than traditional readers.
Most manga use katakana to write onomatopoeia, but sometimes youll see hiragana and kanji too. Katakana specializes in loanwords from other languages. For example: television, テレビ (terebi). In English grammar, transliterations and uncommon loanwords appear in italicsyou wont see taco in italics, well except for here. Katakana serves a similar purpose as italics.
The Three Families
Onomatopoeias fall into threefamilies. Each family represents a type of sound they attempt to mimic. English sound words share the same families (Inose, n.d.). The first two families represent stereotypical sound words. The last family, however, involves more than sound.
The Call of the Wild
The first family, giseigo, includes words that mimic the voices of people and animals.
Katakana/Hiragana
English Transliteration
English Equivalent
イライラ
iraira
grrr
おっとっと
ototo
oops
がおー
gaoo
growl
キャア
kyaa
aah!
グルルグルル
gururugururu
purr
ゲロゲロ
gerogero
ribbit
チチチ
chichichi
chirp-chirp
にゃあ
nyaa
meow
ブーン
buun
buzz
フーツ
fuu
hiss
Thud, Smack, Crack
The second family, giongo, imitates sounds like rain and Batman punching the Joker.
Katakana/Hiragana
English Transliteration
English Equivalent
ガガガ
gagaga
rumble/ratatat
ガシャンッ
gashan
crash
カタカタ
katakata
click-click/typing sounds
ガタンガトン
gatangoton
click-clack
ギリギリ
girigiri
grind
グチャ
guchya
squish
チチチ
chichichi
chirp-chirp
グラグラ
guragura
rattle
コト
koto
clink
サワサワ
sawasawa
rustling
Sights and Feelings Have Sound?
The last family, gitaigo, represents feelings or expressions. English has the same words: smirk, wink, and grin are examples. Manga uses this family to clarify a charactersexpressions or feelings. For example, じーっ, jii, means stare. Its used to clarify how hard a character looks something. In a similar way, these words help readers understand what the character feels in a scene. Manga doesnt allow us to sit inside the heads of characters like novels do. We are outside observers. Gitaigo allows readers to see a characters inner state. We see a character rub their forehead, but without gitaigos cue, we wouldnt understand it is because of a stress headache. This chart will give you a better idea of how this family works:
Katakana/Hiragana
English Transliteration
English Equivalent
カサカサ
kasakasa
burn (as in sunburn)
カラカラ
karakara
sweat
かんかん
kankan
angry
キラキラ
kirakira
sparkling
キリキリ
kirikiri
stabbing pain
ぐるぐる
guruguru
dizzy
コスコス
kosokoso
secretly
ズウウウウン
zuuuuun
depressed/doomed
だらだら
daradara
lazy
ちょこんっ
chokon
silence
The Structure of Onomatopoeia
Understanding the structure of words helps us understand which family we are dealing with. Sound words fall into five classes (Kadooka, 2009). Stay with me. This gets a little technical.
Words have a base called a bare stem. This is the unchanging part of a word. For example:
hanasu (to speak) => hana (bare stem) => hanashimasu (speak, present tense)
This idea works with English words. This bare stem can act as a sound word.
The next classis called altered reduplication. It repeats the first word with a slight change. Think: bow-wow and ガサゴソ (gasogoso), a rattling sound.
Doubled base repeats the base sound of the word: rattattat. Reduplication repeats the complete sound instead of just the base. Think pop-pop and カサカサ (kasakasa). Of all the classes, we use this the most for sound words. All other words fall under a miscellaneous category.
But why does it matter? Why do you need to understand these classes?
They help you determine which words are sound words. You dont need to be able to read katakana to know if a word is a sound word when you understand these classes. Just look the symbols. This also helps you look up the words. Finally, understanding these families helps you discover related sound words. Some words come in degrees, such as the sound of something blowing in a breeze (hatahata ハタハタ) and the sound of something blowing in a stiff wind (batabata バタバタ). Their shared phonemes reveal their relationships.
Manga pulls from a rich collection of onomatopoeia, many of which lack English equivalents. Understanding the construction of these words along with memorizing katakana will enhance your enjoyment of manga. It also gives you a mental edge over people who read only prose. Not to mention, Japanese onomatopoeia could add pizzazz to your own creative work.
References
Aliyeh, K. & Zeinolabedin, R. (2014). A Comparison between Onomatopoeia and Sound Symbolism in Persian and English and Their Application in the Discourse of Advertisements.International Journal of Basic Sciences & Applied Research. Vol., 3 (SP), 219-225.
Inose, Hiroko (n.d.) Translating Japanese onomatopoeia and mimetic words https://www.academia.edu/8327377/Translating_Japanese_onomatopoeia_and_mimetic_words
Kadooka, K. (2009). Onomatopoeia Markers in Japanese. Lacus Forum 28. 267-275.
Schwartz, A., & Rubinstein-Avila, E. (2006). Understanding the Manga Hype: Uncovering the Multimodality of Comic-book Literacies. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy 50 (1) 40-49.
In Otaku 101, the geek writers of MANGA.TOKYO try to answer some of the most basic anime and manga questions of otaku everywhere, like what is onomatopoeia and is fansubbingand scanlating theft?
You can read all the articles here.
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